Apical meristem is a meristematic tissue found at the tips of shoots and roots in plants. It is responsible for the active growth and differentiation of cells, which leads to the development of new plant structures. The tissue is composed of undifferentiated cells that have the potential to form any type of plant tissue, including leaves, stems, and roots. In other words, apical meristem is the starting point for all plant growth.
In shoots, apical meristem is located at the tip of the main stem and every branch. The primary function of shoot apical meristem is to produce new leaves, stems and flowers. The tissue cell division enables continued elongation of the stem, and the differentiation process enables the development of leaves, flowers and eventually all other structures that determine the plant’s shape and size.
In roots, apical meristem is located at the tip of the primary root and its branches. Root apical meristem initiates the growth of the roots, both primary and every new lateral root as it branches and elongates, in search of water and nutrients.
Apical meristem consists of two regions, the central zone, and the peripheral zone. The central zone is located at the center of the meristem and contains cells that divide slowly to maintain the meristem’s size and function. The peripheral zone, which surrounds the central zone, contains cells that divide more frequently and eventually differentiate into different types of plant tissues.
The process of cell division and differentiation in apical meristem is strictly regulated by hormones, mainly auxins and cytokinins, which determine the growth of shoots and roots in specific directions. Any disturbance in the hormonal balance can lead to abnormal growth patterns, such as stunted growth, increased branching, and distorted leaves.
In conclusion, apical meristem is the driving force behind the growth and development of shoots and roots in plants. Understanding its structure, function, and regulation is vital for improving plant growth, productivity, and yield. Plant breeders, horticulturists, and farmers can manipulate apical meristem tissue to create new varieties of crops with desired growth patterns, shapes, and structures. The study of apical meristem tissue can therefore have profound implications for food security and sustainable agriculture.