Terminal bud, known as the shoot apex, is located at the tip of the stem. It is the primary growth point of the plant as it contains the apical meristem. This meristem comprises actively growing cells that divide and differentiate into new tissues and organs in plants. The terminal bud also helps in the production of lateral branches, thus contributing to the overall growth and development of the plant.
One of the essential roles of the terminal bud is in determining the growth direction of the stem. The apical meristem’s cells elongate and differentiate into specialized tissues, thus determining whether the stem grows upwards or sideways. If the terminal bud contains sufficient auxins, a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and growth, the stem grows vertically. However, if the auxin supply to the terminal bud is limited, the plant develops lateral branches or grows sideways.
Another critical function of the terminal bud is in the production of leaves. The apical meristem produces a new leaf at every node where the stem’s growing tip extends. The nodes are the points of attachment for the leaves, so every new leaf develops next to a node. As the new leaf forms, the apical meristem continues to grow upwards, and the lateral buds located at the base of the new leaf are initiated.
The terminal bud is also responsible for apical dominance, which means the plant’s growth is primarily directed towards the apical meristem. This dominance ensures that the plant grows in a single main stem and is crucial for tree species to maintain their height. When the terminal bud is removed or damaged, the lateral buds receive more auxins and grow into lateral branches or shoots.
In conclusion, terminal buds are crucial to plant growth and development. They determine the growth direction of the stem, produce new leaves and lateral branches, and ensure apical dominance. Understanding the role of the terminal bud in plant growth can help us better care for plants and ensure their healthy growth and development.#16#